Complete genome sequence of Kangiella koreensis type strain (SW-125T)

Kangiella koreensis (Yoon et al. 2004) is the type species of the genus and is of phylogenetic interest because of the very isolated location of the genus Kangiella in the gammaproteobacterial order Oceanospirillales. K. koreensis SW-125T is a Gram-negative, non-motile, non-spore-forming bacterium isolated from tidal flat sediments at Daepo Beach, Yellow Sea, Korea. Here we describe the features of this organism, together with the complete genome sequence, and annotation. This is the first completed genome sequence from the genus Kangiella and only the fourth genome from the order Oceanospirillales. This 2,852,073 bp long single replicon genome with its 2647 protein-coding and 48 RNA genes is part of the Genomic Encyclopedia of Bacteria and Archaea project.


Introduction
Strain SW-125 T (= DSM 16069 = KCTC 12182 = JCM 12317) is the type strain of the species Kangiella koreensis, which is the type species of the tiny (two species containing) genus Kangiella [1]. This genus was only recently identified (2004) in the course of screening microorganisms from a tidal flat of the Yellow Sea in Korea. The genus is named Kangiella in order to honor Professor Kook Hee Kang, a Korean microbiologist, for his contribution to microbial research. The species name pertains to Korea, from where the strain was isolated [1]. Although many moderately halophilic or halotolerant bacteria have been isolated and characterized taxonomically from this habitat [1], literature on Kangiella is very limited. Presently, the organism appears to be of interest solely for its position in the tree of life. Here we present a summary classification and a set of features for K. koreensis SW-125 T together with the description of the complete genomic sequencing and annotation.

Classification and features
It is not evident from the taxonomic description of K. koreensis if any other strains beside SW-125 T have been isolated from this species. Uncultured clones with high 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to the sequence of strain SW-125 T (AY520560) have been obtained from moderate saline crude oil contaminated soil in China (clone B109, 99%, EU328030). The highest degree of similarity to sequences from environmental metagenomic libraries [2] was only 91% (As of June 2009). Figure 1 shows the phylogenetic neighborhood of K. koreensis strain SW-125 T in a 16S rRNA based tree. Analysis of the two identical 16S rRNA gene sequences in the genome of strain SW-125 T differed by two nucleotides from the previously published 16S rRNA sequence generated from DSM 16069 (AY520560). The slight difference between the genome data and the reported 16S rRNA gene sequence is most likely due to sequencing errors in the previously reported sequence data.

Figure 1.
Phylogenetic tree highlighting the position of K. koreensis SW-125T relative to the other type strains in the phylogenetic neighborhood.. The tree was inferred from 1,476 aligned characters [3,4] of the 16S rRNA gene sequence under the maximum likelihood criterion [5], and rooted with the type strain of the order Oceanospirillales. The branches are scaled in terms of the expected number of substitutions per site. Numbers above branches are support values from 1,000 bootstrap replicates, if larger than 60%. Strains with a genome sequencing project registered in GOLD [6] are printed in blue; published genomes in bold.

Genome project history
This organism was selected for sequencing on the basis of its phylogenetic position, and is part of the Genomic Encyclopedia of Bacteria and Archaea project. The genome project is deposited in the Genomes OnLine Database [12] and the complete genome sequence in GenBank. Sequencing, finishing and annotation were performed by the DOE Joint Genome Institute (JGI). A summary of the project information is shown in Table 2.
Growth conditions and DNA isolation K. koreensis SW-125 T , DSM 16069, was grown in DSMZ medium 514 (BACTO Marine Broth) [15] at 28°C. DNA was isolated from 0.5-1 g of cell paste using Qiagen Genomic 500 DNA Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) following the manufacturer's protocol, but with a modification 'L' for cell lysis, as described in Wu et al. [16].

Genome sequencing and assembly
The genome was sequenced using a combination of Sanger and 454 sequencing platforms. All general aspects of library construction and sequencing performed at the JGI can be found at the JGI website (http://www.jgi.doe.gov/). 454 Pyrosequencing reads were assembled using the Newbler assembler version 1.1.02.15 (Roche). Large Newbler contigs were broken into 3,167 overlapping fragments of 1,000 bp and entered into the assembly as pseudo-reads. The sequences were assigned quality scores based on Newbler consensus q-scores with modifications to account for overlap redundancy and to adjust inflated qscores. A hybrid 454/Sanger assembly was made using the parallel phrap assembler (High Performance Software, LLC). Possible mis-assemblies were corrected with Dupfinisher or transposon bombing of bridging clones [17]. Gaps between contigs were closed by editing in Consed, custom primer walk or PCR amplification. 329 Sanger finishing reads were produced to close gaps, to resolve repetitive regions, and to raise the quality of the finished sequence. The final assembly consists of 24,350 Sanger and 478,372 pyrosequence (454) reads. Together all sequence types provided 49.6x coverage of the genome. The error rate of the completed genome sequence is less than 1 in 100,000.

Genome annotation
Genes were identified using Prodigal [18] as part of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory genome annotation pipeline, followed by a round of manual curation using the JGI GenePRIMP pipeline (http://geneprimp.jgi-psf.org/) [19]. The predicted CDSs were translated and used to search the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) nonredundant database, UniProt, TIGRFam, Pfam, PRIAM, KEGG, COG, and InterPro databases. Additional gene prediction analysis and functional annotation was performed within the Integrated Microbial Genomes Expert Review platform (http://img.jgi.doe.gov/er) [20].

Genome properties
The genome is 2,852,073 bp long and comprises one main circular chromosome with a 43.7% GC content. (Table 3 and Figure 3). Of the 2,695 genes predicted, 2,647 were protein coding genes, and 48 RNAs; 14 pseudogenes were also identified. The majority of the protein-coding genes (71.7%) were assigned a putative function while those remaining were annotated as hypothetical proteins. The distribution of genes into COGs functional categories is presented in Table 4.